The Ocean Basins and Margins: Volume 7A The Pacific Ocean

1. North Pacific Sediments.- I. Introduction.- II. Framework of Sedimentation.- A. Physiography.- B. Oceanography.- C. Meteorology.- III. Prior Mapping and Studies.- IV. Sediment Characterization.- A. Sediment Data Base.- B. Sediment Analysis Methods.- C. Sediment Nomenclature and Classification.- V. Distribution of Major Sediment Types.- A. Terrigenous and Pelagic Clays.- B. Calcareous Oozes and Marls.- C. Biosiliceous Oozes and Muds.- VI. Distribution of Dominant Sedimentary Components.- A. Biogenic Calcareous Particles.- B. Biogenic Siliceous Particles.- C. Terrigenous Detritus.- D. Volcanic Detritus.- E. Authigenic Particles, Nodules, and Crusts.- VII. Summary: The Sedimentary Processes and Provinces of the North Pacific Ocean.- A. Sedimentary Processes.- B. Sedimentary Rates.- C. Sedimentary Provinces.- References.- 2. Mesozoic and Cenozoic Sedimentation in the Pacific Ocean Basin.- I. Introduction.- II. Framework of Sedimentation.- A. Geographic and Tectonic Setting.- B. Ocean Circulation, Sediment Distribution, and Tectonics.- III. Mesozoic Sedimentation.- A. Jurassic (pre-135 m.y. BP).- B. Cretaceous (135–65 m.y. BP).- IV. Cenozoic Sedimentation.- A. Paleocene and Eocene (65–38 m.y. BP).- B. Oligocene (38–23 m.y. BP).- C. Miocene to Recent (23–0 m.y. BP).- D. Some Mass-Balance Considerations.- V. Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 3. Pacific Plate Motion Recorded by Linear Volcanic Chains.- I. Introduction.- II. Late Tertiary Volcanic Chains.- A. Hawaiian Volcanic Chain.- B. Gulf of Alaska Volcanic Chains.- C. Caroline Islands.- D. Islas Revillagigedos.- E. Island Chains of French Polynesia.- F. New Hebrides―Samoa Lineament.- III. Late Cretaceous to Early Tertiary Volcanic Chains.- A. Emperor Seamount Chain.- B. Line Islands.- C. Louisville Ridge.- D. Musician Seamounts.- IV. Pacific Plate Motion in the Hot Spot Reference Frame.- V. Conclusions.- References.- 4. Mid-America: Tectonic Setting for the Pacific Margin from Southern Mexico to Northwestern Colombia.- I. Introduction.- II. Regional Tectonic Framework.- III. Tectonic Plates and Crustal Blocks.- A. North America Plate Segment.- B. Caribbean Plate Segment.- C. South America Plate Segment.- D. Tectonic Plate Boundary Zones.- IV. Regional Tectonic History: Interpretations and Problems.- References.- 5. The Northern Andes: A Review of the Ecuadoran Pacific Margin.- I. Introduction.- II. Geological Framework.- A. Geology of the Oriente.- B. Geology of the Sierra.- C. Geology of the Costa.- D. Geology of the Offshore and Galapagos Islands.- III. Correlation and Geological History.- A. Precambrian and Paleozoic.- B. Mesozoic: Pre-Cretaceous.- C. Mesozoic: Cretaceous.- D. Tertiary: Pre-Oligocene.- E. Tertiary: Pos-Eocene Orgeny.- F. Plio―Quaternary.- IV. Summarized Tectonic Interpretation.- References.- 6. The Central Andes: Peru and Bolivia.- I. Introduction.- II. Crystalline Basement.- A. The Arequipa Massif and Metamorphic Inliers.- III. The Eastern Cordillera.- A. The Precambrian Part of the Eastern Cordillera: The Marañon Complex.- B. The Lower Paleozoic Part of the Eastern Cordillera.- C. Eohercynian Folding and Upper Paleozoic Sedimentation in the Eastern Cordillera.- D. Permo―Triassic Plutonism in the Eastern Cordillera.- IV. Paleozoic Sediments and Plutonism in the Arequipa Massif.- V. Development of the West Peruvian Trough.- A. The West Peruvian Trough: A Continental Margin Back-Arc Basin.- B. Uplift and Molasse Formation.- C. The Coastal Batholith: A Lineament of Cretaceous Plutonism.- D. The Incaic Folding and Formation of the Eocene Erosion Surface.- VI. Discussion: Comparision of the Geotectonic Cycles in the Eastern and Western Cordilleras.- A. The Western Cordillera.- B. The Eastern Cordillera.- C. The Granites Compared.- D. Major Element Analyses.- VII. Conclusion.- References.- 7. The Southern Andes.- I. Introduction.- A. Morphological Units and Geographical Divisions.- B. Geotectonical Divisions.- C. Methodology and Outline.- D. Main Conclusions.- II. The Pre-Andean Basement.- III. Characteristic Features of the Pre-Andean Basement.- A. Metamorphic Rocks.- B. Sedimentary Rocks.- C. Igneous Rocks.- IV. Geotectonic Interpretation of the Paleozoic Evolution.- V. The Andean Orogenic Evolution.- A. The Northern Sector (18°–41°S).- B. The Patagonian Sector (41°S to Cape Horn).- C. The Northern and Patagonian Sectors: Contrasts and Analogies.- References.- 8. The Sea of Okhotsk―Kuril Islands Ridge and Kuril―Kamchatka Trench.- I. Introduction.- II. The Sea of Okhotsk.- A. Introduction.- B. Basement and Cover.- C. Regional Descriptions.- D. Deep Structure of the Sea of Okhotsk.- E. Geological History of the Sea of Okhotsk.- III. The Kuril Islands Ridge and Kuril―Kamchatka Trench.- A. Introduction.- B. Kuril Islands Ridge.- C. Tectonics of the Kuril―Kamchatka Trench.- D. Geological Development.- References.- 9. Sea of Japan and Ryukyu Trench-Arch Back-Arc System.- I. Introduction.- II. Crustal and Mantle Structures of the Sea of Japan.- A. Submarine Topography.- B. Crustal Structure.- C. Thickness and Nature of the Lithosphere.- D. Gravity Anomalies.- E. Magnetic Anomalies.- F. Sedimentary Structure and Deep-Sea Drilling.- G. Rocks from the Ridge and Seamounts.- III. Paleoenvironment of the Sea of Japan in the Late Neogene and Quaternary.- A. The Late Neogene Paleoenvironments.- B. Enclosure of the Sea of Japan in the Glacial Periods.- C. Tephrochronology of the Late Quaternary Sediments in the Sea of Japan.- IV. Models and Age Constraints for Formation of the Sea of Japan.- V. Structures and Tectonics of the Ryukyu Arc and the Okinawa Trough.- A. Ryukyu Arc-Trench System.- B. Subduction Zone at the Ryukyu Trench.- C. Okinawa Trough.- References.- 10. The Bonin Arc.- I. Introduction.- II. Bottom Topography.- III. Geophysical Data.- A. Gravity Anomalies.- B. Geomagnetics.- C. Seismicity.- D. Refraction Measurement.- E. Heat Flow.- IV. Stratigraphy and Structure.- A. Trench and Trench Slopes.- B. Fore-Arc Basin and Fore-Arc Basement High.- C. Active Volcanic Chain and Back-Arc Regions.- D. Northern Mariana Arc and Its Northern Continuation to the Bonin Arc.- V. Possibility of Active Back-Arc Spreading.- VI. Tectonics of the Junction Area in the Northern Margin.- VII. Discussion and Summary.- References.- 11. Taiwan: Geology, Geophysics, and Marine Sediments.- I. Introduction.- II. Geology.- A. Stratigraphy.- B. Structural Framework.- C. Tectonic Evolution.- III. Geophysics.- A. Seismicity.- B. Gravity.- C. Geomagnetism.- D. Heat Flow.- E. Seismic Reflection and Refraction.- F. Correlation with Geology.- IV. Marine Sediment Distribution.- A. Introduction.- B. Shelf Sediments.- C. Pelagic Sediments.- References.- 12. New Guinea and the Western Melanesian Arcs.- I. Introduction.- II. Major Subdivisions.- III. History of Geological Investigations.- A. Volcanology.- B. Seismology.- C. Geological Mapping.- D. Geochronology.- E. Geophysical Surveys.- IV. Geological Evolution.- A. Central New Guinea Orogen.- B. The Outer Melanesian Arc.- C. The South Bismark Province and New Britain.- D. The North New Guinea Province.- E. The Intermontane Plains.- F. The Ultramafic Belts.- G. The Papuan Peninsula.- H. The Western Peninsula.- V. Marine Basins.- A. Teluk Sarera (Geelvink Bay).- B. Caroline Basin.- C. Bismark Sea.- D. Solomon Sea.- E. Woodlark Basin.- VI. Plate Tectonic Evolution.- VII. Further Work.- References.- 13. The Solomon Islands.- I. Introduction.- II. History of Investigations.- A. Geological Investigations.- B. Geophysical Investigations.- III. Geology of the Solomon Islands.- A. Origin―An Enigmatic, Ensimatic Arc?.- B. An Account of the Geology and Geological History of the Solomon Islands.- IV. Marine Geology.- A. Central Solomon Basin.- B. Coral Sea.- C. The Ontong Java Plateau.- References.- 14. The Vanuata Island Arc: An Outline of the Stratigraphy, Structure and Petrology.- I. Introduction.- II. Stratigraphical and Structural Subdivisions.- III. Outline of the Stratigraphy.- A. Nature of the Basement Rocks.- B. Latest Oligocene to the End of the Early Miocene (22–14 m.y.).- C. Middle Miocene (14–11 m.y.).- D. End of the Middle to the Early Late Miocene (11–8 m.y.).- E. Late Miocene (8–6 m.y.).- F. Early Pliocene (5–4 m.y.).- G. Late Pliocene to the Present Day (3–0 m.y.).- IV. Arc Structure.- A. Trench and Inner Wall.- B. Frontal Arc.- C. Volcanic Arc.- D. Back-Arc Zone.- V. Resumé―Brief Geodynamic History of Vanuata.- VI. Petrological Survey of the Volcanic Rocks.- A. Early to Middle Miocene: Western Belt Volcanics, and Clasts in Eastern Belt Arc-Derived Sediments.- B. Late Miocene―Early Pliocene: Eastern Belt Volcanics.- C. Late Pliocene―Recent: Central Chain and Marginal Province.- VII. Discussion.- References.

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